《科学》（20230303出版）一周论文导读

编译 李言

Science, 3 MAR 2023, Volume 379 Issue 6635

《科学》2022年3月3日，第379卷，6635期

物理学Physics

Observation of a critical charge mode in a strange metal

奇异金属中观察临界电荷模式

作者：HISAO KOBAYASHI, YUI SAKAGUCHI, HAYATO KITAGAWA et al.

链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc4787

摘要：

要理解量子材料中局部边缘发生的奇异金属行为，就需要探索潜在的电子电荷动力学。利用基于同步辐射的穆斯堡尔谱，研究了β-YbAlB4奇异金属相的电荷波动随温度和压力的变化规律。

我们发现，费米液态中的普通单吸收峰值在进入临界体系时分裂为两个。我们把这个谱解释为一个单一的核跃迁，由附近的电子价波动调制，其长时间尺度被带电极化子的形成进一步增强。这些临界电荷波动可能被证明是奇异金属的独特特征。

Abstract：

Understanding the strange metallic behavior that develops at the brink of localization in quantum materials requires probing the underlying electronic charge dynamics. Using synchrotron radiation–based M?ssbauer spectroscopy, we studied the charge fluctuations of the strange metal phase of β-YbAlB4 as a function of temperature and pressure. We found that the usual single absorption peak in the Fermi-liquid regime splits into two peaks upon entering the critical regime. We interpret this spectrum as a single nuclear transition, modulated by nearby electronic valence fluctuations whose long time scales are further enhanced by the formation of charged polarons. These critical charge fluctuations may prove to be a distinct signature of strange metals.

地球科学Earth Science

Record-high CO2 emissions from boreal fires in 2021

2021北方火灾释放的二氧化碳排放量创纪录新高

作者：BO ZHENG, PHILIPPE CIAIS, FREDERIC CHEVALLIER et al.

链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade0805

摘要：

我们利用卫星大气反演系统监测北方森林的火灾导致的排放情况。野火正在迅速蔓延到北方森林，出现了温暖和干燥的火灾季节。北方火，通常占全球火灾二氧化碳排放量10%，在2021年贡献了23%的排放量（4.8亿公吨碳），是自2000年以来的最高比例。

2021年是不寻常的一年，因为北美和欧亚的北方森林同时经历了最严重的缺水。越来越多的极端北方火灾和更强的气候-火灾反馈对减缓气候变化的努力造成挑战。

Abstract：

We used a satellite-based atmospheric inversion system to monitor fire emissions in boreal forests. Wildfires are rapidly expanding into boreal forests with emerging warmer and drier fire seasons. Boreal fires, typically accounting for 10% of global fire carbon dioxide emissions, contributed 23% (0.48 billion metric tons of carbon) in 2021, by far the highest fraction since 2000. 2021 was an abnormal year because North American and Eurasian boreal forests synchronously experienced their greatest water deficit. Increasing numbers of extreme boreal fires and stronger climate–fire feedbacks challenge climate mitigation efforts.

Hundred million years of landscape dynamics from catchment to global scale

从集水区到全球尺度的亿年景观动态

作者：TRISTAN SALLES, LAURENT HUSSON et al.

链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add2541

摘要：

我们能够重建过去的景观和塑造它们的过程，巩固了我们对古代地球的理解。我们使用了一个全球尺度的景观演化模型，该模型同化了过去1亿年的古海拔和古气候重建。该模型提供了对理解地球系统从全球地貌到沉积物通量和地层结构至关重要的指标的连续量化。

我们重新评价了地表过程在控制沉积物向海洋输送中所起的作用，发现整个新生代的稳定沉积速率、沉积物从陆相盆地向海洋盆地转移的不同阶段。我们的模型可作为一种工具，识别以前对沉积地层中保存的地质记录的解释及可用的古海拔和古气候重建中的矛盾。

Abstract：

Our capability to reconstruct past landscapes and the processes that shape them underpins our understanding of paleo-Earth. We take advantage of a global-scale landscape evolution model assimilating paleoelevation and paleoclimate reconstructions over the past 100 million years. This model provides continuous quantifications of metrics critical to the understanding of the Earth system, from global physiography to sediment flux and stratigraphic architectures. We reappraise the role played by surface processes in controlling sediment delivery to the oceans and find stable sedimentation rates throughout the Cenozoic with distinct phases of sediment transfer from terrestrial to marine basins. Our simulation provides a tool for identifying inconsistencies in previous interpretations of the geological record as preserved in sedimentary strata, and in available paleoelevation and paleoclimatic reconstructions.

生物学Biology

Dual domestications and origin of traits in grapevine evolution

葡萄进化中的双重驯化与性状起源

作者：YANG DONG, SHENGCHANG DUAN et al.

链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add8655

摘要：

通过研究全球3525种栽培及野生的葡萄品种，我们阐明了葡萄的进化和驯化历史。在更新世，由于环境的持续破碎化，恶劣的气候促使野生葡萄生态型的分离。此后，大约在11000年前，西亚和高加索地区同时驯化了葡萄品种，以生产食用葡萄和酿酒葡萄。

西亚的驯化品种随着早期农民传播到欧洲，与古老的西方野生品种融合，随后在新石器时代晚期沿着人类迁徙的轨迹转变为麝香葡萄或独特的西方酿酒葡萄祖先。驯化性状的分析也揭示了对适口性、雌雄同体性、麝香味和果皮颜色选择的新见解。这些数据证明了葡萄在欧亚大陆农业早期发展中所起的作用。

Abstract：

We elucidate grapevine evolution and domestication histories with 3525 cultivated and wild accessions worldwide. In the Pleistocene, harsh climate drove the separation of wild grape ecotypes caused by continuous habitat fragmentation. Then, domestication occurred concurrently about 11,000 years ago in Western Asia and the Caucasus to yield table and wine grapevines. The Western Asia domesticates dispersed into Europe with early farmers, introgressed with ancient wild western ecotypes, and subsequently persified along human migration trails into muscat and unique western wine grape ancestries by the late Neolithic. Analyses of domestication traits also reveal new insights into selection for berry palatability, hermaphroditism, muscat flavor, and berry skin color. These data demonstrate the role of the grapevines in the early inception of agriculture across Eurasia.

Ecosystem-based management outperforms species-focused stocking for enhancing fish populations

在提高鱼群数量方面，以生态系统为基础的管理优于重点物种放养

作者：JOHANNES RADINGER, SVEN MATERN et al.

链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf0895

摘要：

我们提出了一套大范围的可重复和控制的鱼类保护全湖实验（监测20个湖泊超过6年，鱼类采样超过15万条），以检验基于生态系统的栖息地增强（粗木质栖息地增加和浅海岸区创建）与长期主导渔业管理实践的广泛的、以物种为中心的养殖方式（即鱼类养殖）的结果。

平均而言，仅仅增加粗木质栖息地并不能提高鱼类的数量，但创造浅水栖息地却能持续提高鱼类的数量，尤其是对幼鱼来说。以物种为中心的鱼类养殖则完全失败。我们提供了强有力的证据以质疑水生生态系统中以物种为重点的保护行动的表现，相反，我们建议对关键栖息地进行基于生态系统的管理。

Abstract：

We present a large-scale replicated and controlled set of whole-lake experiments in fish conservation (20 lakes monitored over 6 years with more than 150,000 fish sampled) to examine the outcomes of ecosystem-based habitat enhancement (coarse woody habitat addition and shallow littoral zone creation) versus a widespread, species-focused alternative that has long dominated fisheries management practice (i.e., fish stocking). Adding coarse woody habitats alone did not, on average, enhance fish abundance, but creating shallow water habitat consistently did, especially for juvenile fish. Species-focused fish stocking completely failed. We provide strong evidence questioning the performance of species-focused conservation actions in aquatic ecosystems and instead recommend ecosystem-based management of key habitats.

Toothed whales use distinct vocal registers for echolocation and communication

齿鲸使用不同的音域进行回声定位和交流

作者：PETER T. MADSEN, URSULA SIEBERT, AND COEN P. H. ELEMANS

链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adc9570

摘要：

我们的研究表明，齿鲸亚目拥有一个基于空气通过鼻腔驱动的声音生产系统，在功能上类似于喉和静脉的发声功能。不同音域的组织振动在所有主要齿鲸亚目分支中产生不同的回声定位和通信信号，为区分它们的声音提供了生理基础。从海豚到抹香鲸，各种物种都使用不同音域来产生强大的、高效空气的回声定位声。

Abstract：

We show that odontocetes possess a sound production system based on air driven through nasal passages that is functionally analogous to laryngeal and syringeal sound production. Tissue vibration in different registers produces distinct echolocation and communication signals across all major odontocete clades, and thus provides a physiological basis for classifying their vocal repertoires. The vocal fry register is used by species from porpoises to sperm whales for generating powerful, highly air-efficient echolocation clicks.