2022届高考英语情态动词和虚拟语气

情态动词和虚拟语气
　　【考点分析】
　　情态动词
　　1.考查情态动词的基本用法
　　①shall用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方意见;用于二、三人称陈述句表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等;may表示“允许、可以”，语气比较委婉。
　　②must用于疑问句，表示责备、抱怨的感情色彩，意思为“偏偏，偏要”，mustn’t表示禁止，是说话人强有力的劝告。cannot 表示“不可能”;need not 表示“不必要”;may not 表示“可能不，可以不”。
　　③needn’t表示“没有必要”
　　④would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向
　　⑤表示经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to,而不能用could;could还可以表示过去的某种能力
　　⑥考查情态动词用作答语的情况
　　2.考查情态动词+动词不定式一般式表推测的用法
　　①肯定的推测一般用must,should,may(might)或could(不用can)，其中，must的语气最强，译为“肯定”、should的语气次之，译为“很可能”、“应该”;按常理推测的may(might),could语气最弱，译为“也许”。
　　②否定的推测：语气不很肯定时，常用may not,might not或could not，译为“可能不”“也许不”;否定语气较强时，则用can’t，译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”，表示惊异、怀疑的感情色彩
　　③疑问句中推测往往用can或could
　　3.考查情态动词+动词不定式的完成式表推测的用法
　　4.考查情态动词+动词不定式完成式的其他用法
　　①should(ought to)+不定式的完成式：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。
　　②needn’t+不定式的完成式：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了
　　③could+不定式的完成式：本可以做而实际上未能做,含有遗憾的意味
　　虚拟语气
　　1.虚拟条件句的基本结构及其用法
①与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句②与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句
③与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句
　　2.虚拟语气的活用
　　①时间错综虚拟结构
　　②省略if的虚拟结构
　　③并列连词或副词暗示的虚拟结构
　　④介词或介词短语暗示的虚拟结构
　　⑤as if / as though方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
　　⑥名词性从句中的虚拟语气
　　⑦分词短语暗示的虚拟结构
　　⑧上下文语境中的虚拟结构
　　【知识点归纳】
　　i.情态动词
　　1.表示“能力、许可”的can /may
　　①表示能力的情态动词用can/could
　　a computer_____think for itself, it must be told what to do.
　　a.can’t b.couldn’t c.may not d.might not
　　②表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问句中用could…?
　　或might…? 以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确(must表示一定，必须，mustn’t表示禁止，不许可)
　　—could i call you by your first name? —yes, you______
　　a.will b.could c.may d.might
　　johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself.
　　a. won’t/can’t b.mustn’t/may c.shouldn’t/must d.can’t/shouldn’t
　　③在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。
　　如不可以说：they could jump into the sea before the boat was blown up
　　而要说：they were able to/managed to jump into…
　　the fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_____get out.
　　a.had to b.would c.could d.was able to
　　但在否定句中could/was(were)able to可以通用:
　　i couldn’t/wasn’t able to see him yeaterday.
　　④表示许可时用may/can都可以。只不过用may时较侧重讲话人的许可，而can较侧重客观情况的许可，must则表示必须做某事。
　　2.表示“推断、判断”的can,may,must
　　①在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最为肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性：
　　peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.
　　a.must b.may c.can d.will
　　而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性：mary is in poor health. she can be ill at any times.
　　②在否定句中只能用can和may。此时can’t用以代替mustn’t，语气比may not更强。can’t中文可以翻译为“不可能”、may not中文可以翻译为“可能不”。
　　michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short.
　　a.needn’t b.can’t c.should d.may
　　③在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must
　　he may be very busy now.    can he be very busy now?
　　he must be very busy now.   can he be very busy now?
　　3.表示“请求、提议”(用在疑问句中)的can和could，这时could比can语气更婉转
　　can(could)you give me a lift to the station?
　　你(您)能不能让我搭你(您)的车去车站呀?
　　4.表示“惊讶、怀疑”(用在疑问句中)的can和could，这时could比can语气更婉转
　　who can it be at this time of day?这个时候到底会是谁呢?
　　5.构成下列特殊句式的can
　　①can not/can never…too… cannot…enough“无论怎么……也不为过分，越……越好，非常……”
　　since it is a good thing,we cannot do it too soon.
　　既然是好事情，我们越早开始做越好。
②can’t help doing…,cannot help but do…,cannot but do…“禁不住，不由得，不得不”
i cannot help admiring the picture whenever i look at it.每当我看到这幅画时，我都禁不住要鉴赏它。
　　when a close friend dies,you cannot but feel sad.
　　亲密的朋友去世时，你会不由得感到悲伤。
　　6.表示祝愿、祝福的may,此时句子用倒装语序
　　may he live to an old age!愿他长命百岁!may god be with you!愿上帝保佑你!
7.shall/should
 用于人称 意义
shall 第一、三人称 征求对方的意见
 第二、三人称 说话人给对方的警告、命令、允诺、威胁
 用于法律、法规等条文中 应……，须……，得……
　　what shall we do this evening?
　　注意：may用于征求对方的许可，而shall用于征求对方的意见或指示：
　　may i have a look?我能看一看吗?
　　shall i have a look?需要我看一看吗?
　　you shall fail if you don’t work harder. (警告)
　　he shall have the book when i finish reading. (允诺)
　　he shall be punished.(威胁)
　　the fine shall be given in cash.罚款须以现金缴纳。
should  意义
 ①（表义务、责任的）应该
 ②（表预期的）应该会，想必会，一定……会把
 ③（表惊讶、遗憾的）竟然、居然
 ④（与疑问词连用，表意外、惊讶、纳闷等的）究竟是，到底
 ⑤（用于表示命令、建议、请求等词后面的that从句中，且should可以省略）应该，必须
　　①you should apologize to him.
　　②the photos should be ready by 12:00.
　　③i’m surprised that you should speak in such a way.
　　④who should ccome in but my old friend betty.我当究竟是谁进来了呢，原来是我的老朋友贝蒂呀。
　　⑤i suggested that he (should)change his mind.
　　my suggestion was that he (should)change his mind.
　　注意：ought to表示 “应该” (与should同义, 只是语气稍重一些), 也可表示推测。
　　you ought to take care of him.
　　he ought to be home by now.
　　8.will/would
　　①请求、建议，would比will委婉客气
　　would you pass me the book?
　　②表示意志、愿望和决心
　　i will never do that again.
　　they asked us if we would do that again
　　③可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向
　　during the vacation he would visit me every week
　　the wound would not heal.
　　④表示估计或猜想
　　it would be about ten when he left home.
　　what would she be doing there?
　　9.dare和need
　　①need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。
　　②dare作为情态动词用时有两中形式：dare和dared两个词形。
　　除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。
　　if he dare come,i will kick him out.
　　i don’t know whether he dare say.
　　note:he doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.
　　does she dare(to)enter the dark room?
　　10.情态动词+have done的用法
　　①could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做
　　you could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.
　　②cannot+have done：表示对过去行为的否定推测
　　he cannot have been to that town.
　　③can+主语+have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定
　　can he have got the book?
　　④might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测
　　he may not have finished the work.
　　if we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.
　　(mood:might>may,possibility:might<may)< p>
　　⑤must+have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。其否定式为：cannot have done
　　you must have seen the film.
　　you cannot have seen the film.
　　⑥needn’t+have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了
　　you needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain.
　　注意：didn’t need to(have to)do :没有必要做而实际上也没有做
　　i didn’t need to clean the windows.my sister did it 2 hours ago.
　　⑦should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。
　　其否定形式表示某种行为不该发生却发生了。
　　you should have started earlier, but you didn’t.
　　she shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for i wanted to use it.
　　注意：本结构还可以表“推测”的意思
　　he should have finished the work by now.
　　到现在他应该已经做完那项工作了。
　　11.其它情态动词
　　①have to
　　have to表示 “必须, 不得不”, 在这个意义上与must很接近, 但must表示的是说话人的主观看法, 而have to表示的却是客观需要. have to比must有更多的形式。
　　the tv set is broken. i have to buy a new one.
　　the students will have to know how to use the computers.
　　注意：在回答must的问句时, 否定式常用need not(needn’t)或don’t have to表示 “不必”。而不用
　　must not, 因为must not表示 “不可以”。
　　②used to
　　表示过去的习惯动作或状态(现在已不复如此)
　　—did you use to go there to see your brother? /used you to go there to see your brother?
　　—yes, i did(used to). /no , i didn’t (usedn’t).
　　注意：would也可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，但是不涉及到现在。
　　③had better
　　表示 “最好(做……)”
　　we had better go now.
其否定式为had better not
　　ii.虚拟语气
　　(一)一般虚拟结构
类别 用法 例句
if引导的条件从句 与现在事实相反 从句动词：过去式（be用were）
主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 if he were here, he would help us.
 与过去事实相反 从句动词：had+过去分词
主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 if i had been free, i would have visited you.
 与将来事实相反 从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不定式
主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 if it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
　　注意:主句中的should只用于i、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称，且不可以被would所代替。
　　(二)混合虚拟结构
　　1.不同时间的虚拟
　　if he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反)
　　if he had told me yesterday, i should know what to do now. (从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反)
　　if i were you, i would have gone to her birthday party. (从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反)
　　if you hadn’t lent me some money, i couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely i would be still living in the dangerous house now. (从句与过去事实相反，and后面的主句与现在事实相反)
　　2.虚拟与陈述的混合
　　he could have passed the exam, but he wasn’t careful enough.
　　you should have come earlier. the bus left a moment ago.
　　(三)特殊句式虚拟结构
　　1.省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。
　　should he come (if he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
　　were i you (if i were you), i would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。
　　2.suggest, order, propose, request, require, demand, advise, insist+ 宾语从句(should )do
　　he suggested that we (should) save money for the future.
　　the undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.
　　注意：当suggest表示暗示，insist表示坚持观点,事实时，后接的宾语从句应当用真实语气。
　　his silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
　　he insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health.
　　3.it is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/required…+ that从句(should) do
　　it is proposed that more students should go to university.
　　4.my advice/suggestion/request/requirement/order/proposal…+ is +表语从句(should)do
　　my advice is that you should practise speaking english as often as possible.
　　the order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately.
　　5.his suggestion/advice/request/requirement…+ 同位语从句(should )do+ is..
　　the request that they should get more is reasonable.
　　6.it is natural/necessary/strange +that从句 (should) do表惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、不满、理应如此等。
　　it’s strange that he should have missed the train. (表竟然)
　　it is important that we should learn from others.(表理应如此)
　　it is a pity that he should not go with us.(表惊讶、不满)
　　7.wish + that clause (did/were 与现在相反)
　　wish + that clause (would/could/might + do与将来相反)
　　wish + that clause ( had done 与过去相反)
　　i wish i could go with them tomorrow.
　　i wish i had never met him.
　　8.it is (high/about) time + 从句(did或should do )
　　it is (high/about) time we went home.
　　9.would rather + clause (did 与现在或将来相反);(had done 与过去相反)
　　i would rather you came tomorrow.
　　i would rather you hadn’t told her the news.
　　10.省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
　　①省去条件从句
　　you could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。
　　省去了"if you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
　　②省去主句(常用以表示愿望) if only + clause ( did/were与现在相反)/ (would/could/might + do与将来相反) /( had done 与过去相反) “要是…….就好了“
　　if my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)
　　if only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
　　if only he would come tomorrow!
　　if only i had taken her advice!
　　if only i were ten years younger!
　　注意：only if是“只要”的意思，从句中用陈述语气。

　　11.as if + clause (did/were 与现在相反) / (would/could/might + do与将来相反)/( had done 与过去相反)
　　she treats kate as if she were her own daughter.
　　they talked as if they had been friends for years.
　　12.would like/was/were to have done something
　　i would like to have attended the party, but one of my friends came to see me.
　　13.but for+名词
　　but for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.
　　14.注意虚拟条件从句的特殊形式
　　without electricity, human life would be quite different today.
　　without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold.
　　15.注意转折语气连词引导的虚拟语气
　　he hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal.
　　i told sally how to get here, but perhaps i should have written it down for her.
　　the captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident wouldn't have been prevented.
　　yesterday, jane walked away from the discussion. otherwise, she might have said something she would regret later.
　　16.注意分词和独立结构引导的虚拟语气
　　given more than two hours, we could have done the work better.
　　not having finished the work, he couldn't have seen this film.
　　【高考预测】
　　1. why didn't you tell me there was no meeting today? i _____ all the way here _____the heavy snow.
　　a. needn't have driven;through b. can't have driven;across
　　c. mustn't have driven;through d. shouldn't have driven;cross
　　2. — mum, it’s none of my business. why _____ i care?
　　— just because she is your sister.
　　a. can b. should c. will d. may
　　3. —i didn’t know you were good friends .
　　—you _____.i have known her since she moved here. you were studying abroad then.
　　a.may have b.needn’t have c.couldn’t have d.must have
　　4. —the concert was wonderful!
　　—really? how i wish i ______to the theatre with you yesterday!
　　a. had gone b. might go c. were able to go d. would go
　　5.the two strangers have been talking in the park for a long time as though they ______old friends.
　　a. are b. should be c. were d. would be
　　6. ______the heavy rain, we ______the town.
　　a. but for; should have reached b. because of; would have reached
　　c. during the period of; we would reach d. in spite of; we should have reached
　　7. —if william _______, he _______that green peach.
　　—luckily he was sent to the hospital in time.
　　a. was warned; would not take b. had been warned; would not have taken
　　c. would be warned; had not taken d. would have been warned; had not taken
　　8. —is it good to look up every new word when i come across it in reading?
　　—no. you ______because you are likely to guess the meaning from the context.
　　a. can’t b. mustn’t c. don’t have to d.ought not to
　　9. —______i use your computer to send an e-mail?
　　—yes, you ______. but you mustn’t keep it too long.i’ll surf the internet after supper.
　　a. could; could b. could; must c. can; can d. could; can
　　10. when he lived there, he ______go to that book shop at the corner with his girlfriend after work every day.
　　a. would b. should c. had better d. might
　　11.— i hear you’ve got a set of australian coins. ______i have a look?
　　— yes, certainly.
　　a. do b. may c.shall d. should
　　12. — what happened to the young trees we planted last week?
　　—the trees______well, but i didn’t water them.
　　a. might grow b. needn’t have grown c. would grow d. would have grown
　　13. what ______ had bob walked farther, as far as the river bank?
　　a. would happen b.could happen c. would have happened d.needn’t have happened
　　14. hurry up,tom.it’s high time we______ to the theater.
　　a. will b. shall c. are going to d. went
　　15. —do you think he will do me a favor?
　　— as far as i know, he is the last one to help others. he______be prepared to give you a hand, though.
　　a. might b. must c. can d. should
　　16. even though i’d hurt my leg, i______swim back to the river bank.
　　a. could b. might c. had to d. was able to
　　17.— it is rather cold here. shall we light a fire?
　　— no, we______because things are easy to catch fire.
　　a. won’t b. can’t c. mustn’t d. needn’t
　　18.—would you have told him the answer had it been possible?
　　—i would have, but i ______so busy then.
　　a. had been b. were c. was d. would be
　　19. the young man insisted that he______ these watches and______free.
　　a. stole, set b. had stolen, be set c. steal, be set d. had stolen; must be set
　　20. i ______your address, otherwise i______you long before.
　　a. had forgotten,had visited b.forgot, have visited
　　c. forgot,would have visited d.have forgotten,would visit
　　21. i______you a beautiful present for your birthday,but i was short of money at that time.
　　a. would buy b. had bought c. would like to have bought d. must have bought
　　22.—do you feel like ________ there or shall we take a bus?
　　—i’d like to walk. but since there isn't much time left, i'd rather we________ a taxi.
　　a. walking,hire b. to walk, hire c. to walk,hired d. walking, hired
　　23. —miss white has decided to explore in the forest by herself.
　　—she________ask her boyfriend to if she ________go walking in the forest.
　　a.needn't to,dares to http:/ b.doesn't need, dares 　c.need not to,dare to d.needn't, dare
　　24. his failure in the exam suggested that he __________ the teacher’s instructions.
　　a. can’t have followed http:/ b. needn’t have followed
　　c. mustn’t have followed d. shouldn’t have followed
　　25.i _________ you, but i didn’t think you would listen to me.
　　a.could have told b.must have told c.should tell d.might rell
　　26.—ms lin looks rather a kind lady.
　　—but in fact she is cold and hard on us. you_______believe it! http:/
　　a.shouldn’t b.wouldn’t c.mustn’t d.needn’t
　　27. the manager’s health was getting worse and worse because of heavy burden，so the doctor strongly
　　recommended that he a holiday.
　　a.took b.would take c.must take d.take
　　28. —it’s so cold! why not close the door?
　　—sorry.it .i’ll have it repaired soon.
　　a.won’t shut b.won’t be shut c.hasn’t shut d.isn’t shut
　　29. i wouldn’t marry pat even if she the last woman on earth.
　　a.is b.was c.had been d.were
　　30. many students will take part in the school sports meeting this week, so she suggested that the class meeting _______ held on saturday .
　　a. not be b. not to be c. be not d. be not to
　　31.________the problem, he wouldn't have committed those mistakes.
　　a. if he understood b. had he understood c. when he had understood d. if he would understood
　　32. —but those are size 44. you might need a smaller size.
　　—yes, i ______ a bit of weight. i have been trying to lose weight!
　　a. will have lost b. should have lost c. may have lost d. can’t lose
　　33.— are you going to lloyd’s birthday party on friday?
　　— only if it ______, he said he was having a picnic party.
　　a. wouldn’t rain b. doesn’t rain c. won’t rain d. hadn’t rained
　　34. if sanlu group __________melamine to the milk, the babies ________ too much from kidney stones.
　　a. didn’t add; would not suffered b. hadn’t added; wouldn’t have suffered
　　c. hasn’t added; wouldn’t have suffered d. hadn’t added; would have suffered
　　35.—the research on the new bird flu virus vaccine is challenging and demanding. who do you think can do the
　　job?
　　—____ my students have a try?
　　a. shall b. will c. could d. should
　　【参考答案】
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　　21-25cddaa 26-30bdada 31-35bcbba