Fishing with birds

chapter 4
【本讲教育信息】

一. 教学内容：

chapter 4 fishing with birds language and writing

（一）被动语态

（二）书面表达写作练习

二. 本周知识总结与归 纳

（一）被动 语态

被动语态概述

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。

例如：many people  speak chinese.

谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：chinese is spoken by many people.

主语english是动词speak的承受者。

1、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“助动词be 及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

一般现在时：am／is／are spoken

一般过去时：was／were spoken

一般将来时：will／shall be spoken

现在进行时：am／is／are being spoken

 过去进行时：was/were being spoken[

现在 完成时：have／has been spoken

过去完成时：had been + spoken

2、被动语态的用法

（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

例如：some new computers were stolen last night .　一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的）
 
this bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。

（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。

例如：the glass was broken by mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。

this book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。

3、主动语态变被动语态的方法

（1）把主动语 态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be 过去分词） （根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。

（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by 之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：

all the people laughed at him.

he w as laughed at by all people.

they make the bikes in the factory.

the bikes are made by them in the factory.

he cut down a tree.

a tree was cut down by him.

书中练习讲解

a1

1. cormorants.

2. cormorants.

3. damin.

4. damin.

a2

1. a

2. p

3. p

4. a

5. p

 6. p

a3

1. is raised   2. are examined   3. is removed  4. is hatched   5. is watched   6. is looked

7. is fed   8. is controlled   9. are not allowed   10. is taken

b

1. by artists  2. by businessman  3. by lorry  4. by workers  5. by shop assistants

6. by tourists    7. by plane   8. by these paintings

c

1. was employed by the french producer   2. were interviewed by the interpreter  
 
3. was chosen by the producer   4. were transported by lorry

5. was used by the cameraman   6. was filmed by the crew

（二）书面表达写作练习

chen huaming is a dough sculptor. he is very skillful and has good eyesight. he also works well with his hands. chen is quite patient because dough sculpt ing takes a long time and a lot of effort. his creative  imagination helps him to think of interesting things to make. when he works, he wears simple, old clothes. they usually get dirty when he works.
 
the skill of dough making is often learnt from family members. chen’s father started teaching him when he was only five years old. the materials needed are easy to get and the preparation is simple. water, wheat flour and glutinous wheat flour are mixed toge ther, boiled and then allowed to cool down. adding chemicals helps the dough to last longer. only very simple tools are used to shape the dough.

chen works either at his home or in a studio. he turns the basic mixture into shapes. these shapes are of many different sizes and colours and there are a lot of influences on  his style.

he likes to show ancient chinese culture in his work and the shapes can be very detailed. chen  thinks that dough figures are a very good thing to collect.

the ancient chinese craft of dough sculpting first appeared in the han dynasty （206bc-220）. during the song dynasty, the colourful figures decorated banquets. in later years, they were used as ritual offerings to gods for weddings and festivals. they were most popular during the qing dynasty（1644-1911）. sadly, this fascinating art is quickly disappearing, like many other traditional crafts. in a few years, it could disappear completely.