美论坛：为什么东南亚各国比东亚的中日韩贫穷?原因是什么？

说起东南亚，我们都不会陌生，那是中国民众常去的旅游目的地，历史上，东南亚与我国颇有渊源，是我国重要的移民前往地，且拥有世界上数量最多的华侨。东南亚地处热带，四季常青，物产丰富，农副产品更是销往世界各地，还拥有大量矿产资源，如稀有金属、玉石、石油等。

虽然自然条件十分优越，但相比于同是黄种人的东亚人，东南亚国家却普遍并不富裕，这又是什么原因造成的呢？在美版知乎Quora上也有网友发出这样的提问：为什么东南亚比东亚贫穷?有什么原因吗? 这个话题也是引起了不少国外网友的谈论，来看看他们是怎么说的吧。

论坛话题

马拉西亚网友的观点

Asians are generally hardworking, but I do think that we Southeast Asians are generally less hardworking than East Asians. However, I don’t aspire to be as hardworking as East Asians because I think it’s excessive, as they have to work long hours despite their countries being developed. If a developed country makes you unhappy (Koreans call Korea “Hell Joseon”) then that’s not the developed country I want our country to be.

亚洲人通常都很努力，但我确实认为我们东南亚人通常不如东亚人努力。然而，我并不渴望像东亚人那样勤奋，因为我认为这太过分了，尽管他们的国家很发达，但他们不得不长时间工作。如果一个发达国家让你不开心(韩国人称韩国为“地狱朝鲜”)，那么这不是我希望我们的国家成为的发达国家。

Southeast Asians have less sense of urgency. It’s common if something starts at 5, many of us would come at around 5.10. Strangely, some would even arrive much later lol. Japanese people on the other hand are super punctual. Koreans are also known for their pali pali pali culture.

东南亚人的紧迫感较低。如果一件事从5点开始是很常见的，我们很多人会在5点10分左右开始。奇怪的是，有些人甚至会晚到很久，哈哈。另一方面，日本人超级准时。韩国人也以他们的pali pali pali文化而闻名。

Southeast Asians are less ambitious and less materialistic. I’m not sure about Japanese, but Koreans and Chinese are very materialistic and worldly so they strive hard to achieve all that as those things matter the most to them. There’s a saying that Chinese religion is money. Southeast Asians don’t care too much about materialism which I think a part of it is due to us being more religious and spiritual.

东南亚人没有那么雄心勃勃，也没有那么物欲横生。我对日本人不太确定，但韩国人和天朝人都非常唯物主义和世俗，所以他们努力实现所有这些对他们来说最重要的事情。有一种说法是，天朝的宗教就是金钱。东南亚人不太关心物质主义，我认为部分原因是我们更宗教和精神。

So to many of us there is more to life than being the richest and most successful so we don’t give our all to be number 1 in material success all the time. Seems like many of us are quite content or actually aim to have a comfortable, simple life like having work-life balance, family, etc.

所以对我们很多人来说，除了成为最富有和最成功的人之外，生活中还有更多的东西，所以我们不会一直在物质上取得第一。似乎我们中的许多人都很满足，或者实际上旨在拥有一种舒适、简单的生活，比如工作与生活的平衡，家庭等等。

I agree the hot weather plays a role. I once saw a video about Singapore’s Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew. When asked which invention helped to develop Singapore the most, he said it’s the air conditioner because it enables people to work during day time. I’ve never thought about how important the air conditioner is to develop hot countries!!!

我同意炎热的天气是一个原因。我曾经看过一个关于新加坡总理李光耀的视频。当被问及哪项发明对新加坡的发展贡献最大时，他说是空调，因为它使人们可以在白天工作。我从来没有想过空调对发展炎热国家有多重要!!

印度网友的观点

As an Indian I hope I can lend my proper views. The work ethic is a bit different in east Asian countries like Japan, Korea and China.

作为一个印度人，我希望我能发表正确的看法。日本、韩国和中国等东亚国家的职业理念略有不同。

This might offend some south East Asian people what I am about to say. Singapore and Malaysia is definitely developed in South East Asia but Malaysia is not progressing further because of bhumiputro policy.

我要说的话可能会冒犯一些东南亚人。新加坡和马来西亚肯定是东南亚的发达国家，但马来西亚因为普密蓬政策而没有进一步发展。

And a trend which I have seen in thais and Filipinos and little bit in Indonesians . They glorify malls. Whats with the craziness for malls?

我在泰国和菲律宾看到了这种趋势，在印尼也有一些。他们美化购物中心。对购物中心的狂热是怎么回事?

They even think mall is a infrastructure. No my friend mall is just Entertainment . When I go to Bangkok or manila I see plenty of malls but no universities or public libraries. Maybe they are there but not visible. On that front Vietnam cherish books more than thais and Filipinos. I go to mall for watching movie , buying some clothes etc , end of day how big malls are doesn't matters.

他们甚至认为商场是一种基础设施。不，我的朋友，商场只是娱乐场所。当我去曼谷或马尼拉时，我看到很多购物中心，但没有大学或公共图书馆。也许他们就在那里，但看不见。在这方面，越南比泰国和菲律宾更珍惜书籍。我去商场看电影，买衣服等等，说到底商场有多大并不重要。

And Thailand is talking of 4.0 industry but don't see the push from people. I have seen expats in Thailand mostly of yoga , sexpats, retirees , food or in hotel business. But very few in investments in software.

泰国正在谈论工业4.0，但没有看到人民的推动。我在泰国看到的外国人大多是瑜伽、性爱摄影、退休人员、食物或酒店生意。但在软件方面的投资却很少。

Indonesia has a good manufacturing yet not enough for the population same like India but they don't even have a good service economy too.

印尼有很好的制造业，但与印度一样，不足以满足人口需求，但他们甚至也没有很好的服务业经济。

Some East Asian countries develop all other cities from every front . Their capital city is not everything but some southeast Asia countries seems to worship their capital cities, other cities are not underdeveloped but major wealth creation happens in thier capital cities.

一些东亚国家从各个方面发展其他城市。他们的首都不是一切，但一些东南亚国家似乎崇拜他们的首都，其他城市并不不发达，但主要的财富创造发生在他们的首都。

East Asian countries worship education and technology. Some southeast countries are happy with resources but east countries are heavily investing in technology of future.

东亚国家崇尚教育和技术。一些东南亚国家对资源很满意，但东方国家正在大力投资未来的技术。

And corruption is very less in East Asian countries. Vietnam has not been able to build a metro yet.

东亚国家的腐败现象也很少。越南还没有能力建造地铁。

马来西亚网友的观点

I choose one factor for the above. That is education. Look at universities ranking say by THES. World University Rankings

我为以上选择了一个因素。这就是教育。看看大学排名，比如THES。世界大学排名

The quality of education at these countries are top in Asian region (including Singapore) and top Asian Universities within 100 ranking are overwhelmingly from so call Sinosphere countries except North Korea and Vietnam.

这些国家的教育质量在亚洲地区名列前茅(包括新加坡)，排名前100的亚洲大学绝大多数来自所谓的“汉化圈”国家，除了朝鲜和越南。

新加坡

All rich and developed countries basically have good quality of education. Therefore good quality education especially STEM fields will provide skills, competent, knowledgable and competitive manpower to steer the country to greater high.

所有富裕发达国家的教育质量基本都很好。因此，高质量的教育，特别是STEM领域，将提供技能、有能力、有知识和有竞争力的人力，引导国家走向更高的高度。

Those country with general low quality of education will loss up in economy development. For example Vietnam, despite having more than 80 universities, but it is not surprising if many of university graduates become low ranking pay job like security guard, receptionist at hotel, taxi drivers, manual job, etc. Despite Vietnam able to attract FDI in manufactoring sector. Most of the factories set up in Vietnam are low technology products assembly, R&D is very negligible.

那些教育质量普遍偏低的国家在经济发展中会损失惨重。例如越南，尽管有80多所大学，但如果许多大学毕业生成为低薪工作，如保安、酒店接待员、出租车司机、体力劳动等，这并不奇怪。尽管越南能够吸引制造业的外国直接投资。在越南设立的大多数工厂都是低技术产品的组装，研发是非常微不足道的。

Another factor greatly affect economic development of the country is corruption level. I dare to generalize that rich and well developed countries normally have low level or neglible corruption issues. There are many potential countries in SEA to be rich like East Asia countries mentioned above or Singapore but due to high level of corruption, these countries are faltered economically!

另一个影响国家经济发展的因素是腐败水平。我敢概括地说，富裕和发达国家的腐败问题通常很低或可以忽略不计。东南亚有许多潜在的富裕国家，就像上面提到的东亚国家或新加坡，但由于高度腐败，这些国家的经济步履蹒跚!

意大利网友的观点

I’m shocked no one has mentioned one of the major issues, which criss-crosses with some of the reasons given by others: colonialism.

我感到震惊的是，没有人提到一个主要问题:殖民主义，这个问题与其他人给出的一些理由相互交织。

With the exception of Thailand, all of Southeast Asia was depleted from any occasion to develop independently or to emulate and rehearse Western models of economy and politics as Japan did. This had enormous consequences even decades after formal de-colonization: unlike Japan or Korea, most countries in the region were left to their own devices overnight on all levels.

除了泰国，所有东南亚国家都没有机会独立发展，也没有机会像日本那样模仿和演练西方的经济和政治模式。即使在正式去殖民化几十年后，这也产生了巨大的影响:与日本或韩国不同，该地区大多数国家在各个层面上都在一夜之间被放任自流。

Obviously, whereas Japanese had already been fluent for some time with terminology like “democracy” and “market economy”, places like Indonesia and Myanmar were still occupied with the huge question of what to do with such a notion as “nation state” in the first place, along borders created by others, which separated communities or, on the contrary, put together very different ethnicities.

显然，虽然日本人已经熟练掌握了“民主”和“市场经济”等术语一段时间，但印度尼西亚和缅甸等地仍然面临着一个巨大的问题，即如何处理“民族国家”这样的概念，沿着他人创造的边界，将社区分隔开来，或者相反，将非常不同的种族聚集在一起。

That’s why even where the colonial period had left behind some decent infrastructure (as in Myanmar) the political troubles managed to hold the country back from the international economy stage. And even where economy seemed to have burgeoned (Singapore, but mostly because blessed with the deep links it established with China) it’s the political climate that’s been kept on hold.

这就是为什么即使在殖民时期留下了一些像样的基础设施的地方(如缅甸)，政治问题也设法让该国远离国际经济舞台。即使在经济似乎蓬勃发展的地方(新加坡，但主要是因为它与中国建立了深厚的联系)，政治氛围也一直处于停滞状态。

菲律宾网友的观点

Since ancient times SEA civilisations were based on trade and not manufacturing;

自古以来，东南亚文明都是以贸易而非制造业为基础的;

During western colonisation, the Dutch and the Brits played a pide and rule policy by bringing in immigrants to play active roles in the economy leaving the natives to their devices and internal politics. In the end the migrants are a step ahead in almost every aspect thanks to their close relationships with the colonial masters. Migrants still hold the keys to trade gateways allowing them to monopolise imports and exports of goods and services especially in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia causing huge income disparity between the migrants and the natives;

在西方殖民统治期间，荷兰人和英国人采取分而治之的政策，让移民在经济中发挥积极作用，让当地人自行其是和内部政治。 归根结底，由于移民与殖民统治者的密切关系，他们几乎在每个方面都领先一步。 移民仍然掌握着贸易门户的钥匙，使他们能够垄断商品和服务的进出口，特别是在印度尼西亚、泰国和马来西亚，造成移民和当地人之间巨大的收入差距；

Artificial national boundaries and monopoly tactics created by colonisation slowly destroyed maritime trade networks and ancient city state ports cestablished by the natives within just a century;

殖民化创造的人为国界和垄断策略在短短一个世纪内慢慢摧毁了当地人建立的海上贸易网络和古老的城邦港口；

The weather allows SEA people to live with less money than those in East Asia. SEA natives don’t have to plan ahead for winter or to buy thick clothes to withstand the cold. In fact it is better to wear less clothes living in such heat leaving almost no room for progress in fashion and apparel.

与东亚人相比，这里的天气让东南亚人的生活成本更低。 东南亚人不必为冬天提前计划或购买厚衣服来抵御寒冷。 事实上，在如此炎热的环境下，穿得少一点会更好，这让时尚和服饰几乎没有进步的余地。

印尼网友的观点

aside singapore, malaysia is the only country in south east asia that close to be developed..malaysia have “very high” HDI where as most country in south east asia have medium HDI except thailand..I think the reason that south east asia poor is :

除了新加坡，马来西亚是东南亚唯一接近发达的国家，马来西亚的人类发展指数“非常高”，而东南亚大多数国家的人类发展指数都是中等，除了泰国，我认为东南亚贫穷的原因是:

corruption. corruption is very rampant in south east asia..singapore is the only country that have zero corruption hence be a developed country. Only the rich people can have an access to all the money whereas poor people suffer.

腐败。腐败在东南亚非常猖獗，新加坡是唯一一个零腐败的发达国家。只有富人才能获得所有的钱，而穷人却受苦。

Attitude. Attitude in south east asia is more relax and laid back..we are not as hardworking as korean or japanese that is why south east asia lagged behind east asia

态度。 东南亚的态度更加放松和悠闲..我们不像韩国人或日本人那样勤奋，这就是为什么东南亚落后于东亚

Education. Education is also one of the reason that south east asia is poor..I think education is really important to developed a country and be rich but south east asia education is not that good and most people in south east asia except singapore, malaysia and philippine cannot speak english..

教育。教育也是东南亚贫穷的原因之一，我认为教育对发达国家和富裕来说真的很重要，但东南亚的教育并不是那么好，除了新加坡、马来西亚和菲律宾，大多数东南亚人不会说英语。

菲律宾首都马尼拉

Natural disaster. South east asia is situated in the ring of fire and there is a lot natural disaster such as earthquake,volcano and others..country like indonesia and philippines have the worst natural disaster but singapore and malaysia is safe from it..

自然灾害。东南亚位于火山带，有很多自然灾害，如地震、火山等，像印度尼西亚和菲律宾这样的国家自然灾害最严重，但新加坡和马来西亚是安全的。

新加坡网友的观点

I’m trying to give you a different perspective since many answers have been good. This is just an oversimplified answer though, so just take it with a grain of salt.

我试着给你一个不同的视角，因为很多答案都很好。这只是一个过于简单的答案，所以要持保留态度。

I think the main reason why Southeast Asia is poorer than East Asia is the difference in regional circumstances.

我认为东南亚比东亚贫穷的主要原因是地区环境的差异。

East Asian countries have a long history of conflict, occupation, and war among each other. This kind of condition pushed East Asian countries to stand up for themselves. In other words, self-reliability is a must for them to survive. So, they developed their economy and advanced their education systems. These efforts consequently have led them to prosperity and advancement.

东亚国家之间的冲突、占领和战争历史悠久。这种情况促使东亚国家挺身而出。换句话说，自我可靠性是他们生存的必要条件。因此，他们发展了经济，完善了教育体系。这些努力使他们走向繁荣和进步。

Southeast Asian countries also have a history of conflict with each other. However, it wasn't as significant as East Asian though. That's why there was enough trust among Southeast Asian countries. Southeast Asians could even push it farther by making a strong regional union of ASEAN. All those privileges though had established a condition where there was no urgency for Southeast Asian countries to advance themselves the same way East Asian countries did.

东南亚国家之间也有冲突的历史。然而，它并不像东亚那样重要。这就是为什么东南亚国家之间有足够的信任。东南亚国家甚至可以通过建立一个强大的东盟区域联盟来进一步推动这一进程。所有这些特权都创造了一种条件，东南亚国家不需要像东亚国家那样迫切地发展自己。

In summary, I think strong trust among Southeast Asian countries is the reason why Southeast Asia is poorer than East Asia.

综上所述，我认为东南亚国家之间的强烈信任是东南亚比东亚贫穷的原因。

你认为原因是什么？赞同他们的说法吗？