初一至初三全程英语知识点总结及练习5

§258  none / nobody / no one
ⅰ. none 既可指人,也可指物,意为“没有人;没有东西”等,表三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定。与all是反义词。后可接of 短语。作主语时,如果它指代的是可数名词,谓语动词用单数、复数形式都可以,用单数时强调个体,表“没有一个人”;用复数则强调整体,表“所有人都没有”。如果它指代的是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式。常常用来回答how many & how much 以及有特定范围的问题。如:
① how many of the women are teachers? none (of them is / are). 这些女士中有多少是老师? 一个也没有。
② how much water is left in the bottle? nove (of it is left). 瓶子里还剩多少水? 一点儿也没剩。
③ which of the boys plays football well? none(of them does). 这些男孩中哪个足球踢得好? 一个也没有。
ⅱ. nobody & no one 指代人,意为“没有人”。作主语时谓语动词有单数形式,后不能跟of 短语,常常用来回答who 和不确定的问题。如:
① luckily, nobody / no one  was gurt in this accident.  幸运的是,没有人在这场事故中受伤。
② who went to the net bar this week? nobody / no one.  这周谁去过网吧? 没有人。

§259  look/ seem
ⅰ. seem “看来、似乎”既可作连系动词,以可做不及物动词,后接:形容词、名词、介词短语或不定式。    如:
① mother seemed to know that. 母亲好像知道那件事。
② bill doesn’t seem to a understand. 比尔似乎不太理解。= bill seems not to understand.(这更正式)
ⅱ. 常用搭配:
① it seems (that)好像、看来、似乎,如:
1. it seems to me that her accident is all your fault! 在我看来她出事都是你的错。
2. but it seemed that it wasn’t the only letter. 但是好像这不是唯一的一封信。
② seem as if / though. “看起来像”如:
1. it seems as though ken will win the rice.看来赛跑ken好像要赢。
2. it seems (as if ) it is going to rain. 天好像要下雨了。
ⅲ. look “看来、似乎”着重于由视觉得出的印象,seem 则暗示有一定根据,这种判断往往接近事实。在搭配上两者都可接:形容词、名词(前常有形容词修饰)、动词不定式to be、过去分词 和 介词短语。如:
① he looks / seems a nice man.他看上去是个好人。
② you look / seem tired. let’s have a rest. 看来你累了,我们休息一会儿。
③ the boy looked / seemed to be very ill. 那男孩看上去病得很重。
ⅳ, 但在下面情况下,只能用seem, 不能用look:
1. 后面接动词不定式:to do 时。如:
① the captain seemed to know all his soldiers.
2. 用于it seems that …结构时。如:
① it seemed that he had missed the train.看来他没搭上火车。
3. 用于there seemed to (不定式) 结构时:如:
there seemed to be hundreds of people on the playground. 运动场上好像有几百人。

§260  lose/ miss
ⅰ. lose “丢失、失去”语气较强,一般指失去后不易找回;而 miss 指人们觉察到东西已经“丢失”,含有可能找回的意思。miss 还有“想念”之意。而lose 则没有。如:
① my grandfather lost a leg in in the war. 我爷爷在战争中失去了一条腿。
② we shall all miss you when you go away. 你不在时,我们都会想念你的。
ⅱ. 作定语和表语用时,lose 用过去分词 lost, 而mess用现在分词missing.如:
① who has found my lost pen?谁找到了我丢失的钢笔?
② missing book is found now. 丢失的书现在已经找到了。

§261 meet / meet with
ⅰ. meet “遇见、遇到;接(人)”;“集会”;“满足(要求等)”。
① i know his name, but i’ve never met him. 我知道他的名字,但从未见过他。
② the staff members will meet tomorrow to discuss the problem. 员工们明天开会将讨论这一问题。
③ i will meet my wife at the airport. 我将去机场接我的妻子
④ this will meet your needs. 这将满足你的要求。
ⅱ. meet with. “遇到;碰到”强调偶然性;还常表示“遭遇;经历;遭到”此时不能只用meet. 如:
① i met with a childhood friend on the bus. 我在汽车上遇到一个儿时的朋友。
② they met with an accident on their way back. 他们在回去的路上遇到车祸。
③ i met with some difficulties when i tried to enter the country. 我在入境时遇到一些困难。

§262  many/ much/ a lot of/ lots of/ a good or great  many/ many a / a number of/ a great or large number of/ a great deal of/ plenty of/ the number of
ⅰ. many “许多、大量”修饰可数名词复数。如:
① many students think so. 很多学生都这样想。
ⅱ. much 指量而言,与不可数名词连用。如:
① he mever eats much breakfast.他早餐从来吃得不多。
ⅲ. the number of “……的总数”number 指“数目、人数”是句中真正的主语。故动词须用单三式。如:
①the number of the students in our class is sixty-five.
其它的见下表:
 词汇 后面可跟的词 作主语时
谓语动词的形式
many 复数可数名词 复数
much 不可数名词 单三式
  复数可数名词与不可数名词(一般用于肯定句中;否定句和疑问句多用many, much) 复数或
单三式
a many 复数可数名词 复数
many a 单数可数名词 单三式
  复数可数名词 复数
a great deal of 复数可数名词
与不可数名词 复数或
单三式
plenty of  复数可数名词或不可数名词(一般用于肯定句中;否定句或疑问句多用enough, many much) 复数或
单三式

§263  may be/ maybe
ⅰ. may be “也许是”“可能是”may 是情态动词,与be一起作谓语。而maybe是副词,意为“也许”“可能”用作状语。如:
① maybe you put it there.也许你把它放在那里了。
② but i’m afraid i may be a little late.  但我担心我可能晚了一点。
③ maybe he’s wrong. = he may be wrong. 或许他错了。
④ maybe the twin brothers are boating now. = the twin brothers may be boating now.现在那对双胞胎兄弟可能在划船。
⑤ maybe /perhaps they’ll go on a picnic next week. = they may go on a picnic next week. 他们下周可能要去野餐。

§264  mend/ repair
ⅰ. mend “修理、修补”。普通用语。指对由于穿戴或使用等原因而破烂或破损的东西加以修补或修理。如:
① there’s a hole in your shirt. better mend it right away.  你的衬衫上有一个洞,最好马上补一补。
② the broken window requires to be mended.  这扇破窗户需要修理。
ⅱ. repair “修理、修补”。常与mend换用。但当需要修理之物,由于使用或年代等原因已经损坏,修起来比较复杂时,多用repair. 如:
① they have repaired the car. 他们已把汽车修好了。
② it will take all the summer to repair the house. 需要整个夏天才能把房子修好。

§265  message/ news
ⅰ.这两个词都有“消息”之意,但词义范围有所不同。message含义较广,可指书面、口头、无线电等多种渠道传来的信息,因而有“消息、口信、电报”等意思,为可数名词;news含义较窄,主要是通过报纸、电台、电视等新闻媒介向公众报道的最新消息,也可指原来未曾听到过而现在听到的消息,为不可数名词。如:
① i’ll leave a message for her. 我将为她留个口信。
② i haven’t had a message from him for a month. 我一个月没有得到他的音讯了。
[联想]:和 news搭配的词组:
latest news 最新消息。     stale news 过时新闻
current news   时事       highlighted news 重要新闻
inside news 内幕消息      grapevine news 小道消息
invested news 不实消息    distorted news 歪曲的新闻

§266  middle / center
ⅰ.middle指“中间”,表示时间和空间的“中间”,是相对而言的,也可指笼统的“中部”,如:
we have lunch in the middle of the day.
另外middle还可表程度的“中等”如:the middle school
ⅱ. centre “中心”,通常用于空间方面,强调指正中心。它还可以用于借喻,表某一事物的中心。如:
① dray a circle round a given centre. 就指定的中心画一圆圈。
② we live in the centre of london. 我们住在伦敦中心。
③ beijing is the political, economic and cultural centre of china. 北京是中国的政治、经济和文化中心。

§267  mist/ fog
ⅰ. mist “雾”指比fog 薄的“薄雾”,形容词为:misty. 它还可指:“(眼睛)朦胧”等。如:
① the mountain top was covered with mist.   山顶笼罩着雾气。
② she tried to see him through the mist of tears. 她试着透过朦胧的泪眼看他。
ⅱ. fog 指较浓的“浓雾”,其形容词为:foggy.如:
③ the fog was so thick that he had to drive very slowly.  雾太浓了, 他必须慢慢地开车。

§268  most /a most / the most
ⅰ. most adv. 前无冠词,一般表“很、十分”如:
① most likely it will rain. 很可能要下雨了。
② the author is most serious in writing the essay.  作者写这篇文章的态度是很严肃的。
ⅱ. a most 后接形容词,修饰单数可数名词,意思是“很,十分”如:
① that was a most enjoyable party. 那是一次非常快乐的晚会。
② these children lead a most happy life.  这些孩子过着非常幸福的生活。
ⅲ. the most  是much or many 的最高级。意为“最”如:
① that’s the most beautiful place i’ve ever been. 那是我到过的最美丽的地方。

§269  mouse / rat
ⅰ. mouse “老鼠、耗子”,比rat 小。如:
① i have set a trap for mouse. 我装置了一个捕鼠器捕鼠。
② when the cat’s away, the mice will play. [谚]:猫儿一跑耗子闹。
ⅱ. rat “老鼠、耗子”,比mouse 大。如:
① a rat has fallen into the trap. 一只老鼠落到了捕鼠器里。
② a rat crossing the street is chased by all. 老鼠过街,人人喊打。

§270  much too/ too much
ⅰ. much too 太、非常, 用作副词词组,修饰形容词或其它副词。如:
① it’s much too cold today. 今天天气太冷。
② the old man walked much too slowly. 这位老人走得太慢了。
ⅱ. too much “太多”有三种用法:
1. 用作名词词组。如:
③ you gave me too much. 你给我的太多了。
2. 用作形容词词组。修饰不可数名词。如:
④ i don’t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice.我不喜欢冬天,因为雪和冰太多了。
3. 用作副词词组,修饰动词,如:
⑤ don’t speak too much. 别讲得太多。
[注]:much too 与too much都可用作副词词组,但too much 不可以修饰形容词,much too 不可以修饰动词。

§271  must/ have to
ⅰ. must “必须”,往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。
① we must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。
② imust go. 我必须走。
ⅱ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要,含有“不得不”的意味。如:
① do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗
② it was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。

§272  neither/ either
ⅰ. neither “(两者)都不”,pron 如:
① neither of the books is mine. 这两本书都不是我的。
[注]作连词用时,neither 与nor连用,表示“既不……也不”如:
② the ground must be just right ¬¬¬¬¬——neither too wet nor too dry.地面务必适合——既不太湿,也不太干。
ⅱ. either “(两者中的)任何一个”pron. 如:
① there are two bikes in the room. you can ride eitheri of the two. 房里有两部自行车,你可以任骑一部。
[注]作连词用时,与or连用,表示“或者……或者……”、“不是……就是……”。如:
② they were either too big or too small.  它们不是太大,就是太小。
 作副词用时,二者都有“也不”之意,但所使用的句型及在句中的位置不同。如:
① he doesn’t like swimming, i don’t like swimming, either.
② he doesn’t like swimming. neither do i . (用于倒装结构中)

§273  neither/ none
ⅰ. neither “两者都不”与both相对,其后的谓语动词用单三式。如:
① neither of my parents is at home.  我父母亲(任何一个)都不在家。
ⅱ. none “三者或三者以上都有不”,与all相对。如:
① none of the students are in the classroom. they have all gone to the playground. 所有的学生都不(一个也不)在教室里,他们都到操场上去了。
§274  next / the next
ⅰ. next  用于将来时态中
ⅱ. the next  用于过去时态中。有时也可用于将来时。如:
① i’ll finish school next june. the next month i’ll go on trip to my hometwon.  明年六月我要毕业了,第二个月(即七月)我就要回家乡。
② she said in her letter that she would visit us the next week. 她在信中说她要在第二个星期拜访我们。

§275  no / not
ⅰ. no “不”既可作形容词,又可作副词。作形容词时用来否定名词、代词或动名词。作副词时,主要用于否定回答。
① the poor boy had no money for books. 那个穷孩子没钱买书。
② no smoking. 禁止吸烟。
③ isn’t he a teacher?  no, he isn’t.
ⅱ. not “不”只用作副词。用来否定动词、不定式、形容词或副词。通常放在“三类词”(情态动词,助动词,系动词)之后,行为动词之前。否定不定式时,直接放在不定式的小品词to前。如:
① i have not been to beijing.
② he doesn’t like reading.
 no 和not  都可与形容词或副词的比较级连用,但句子的含义不同。如:
① i am no taller than he. 我不比他高。(两人都矮)
② i am not taller than he. 我不比他更高。(两人都高)
 no = not a 或not any 如:
① she has no books = she doesn’t have a book. = she does not have any books.
 no 表示它所修饰的名词的相反的意思。而not只能表示一般的否定。如:
① he is no teacher. 他根本(绝)不是老师。(不善于教书)
② he is not a teacher. 他不是老师。(可能是其它职业)
③ he is no fool = he is clever. 他不笨(他是聪明的)
④ he is not a fool. 他不是个傻子。

§276  no longer/ not…any longer/
no more / not any more
ⅰ. no longer = not … any longer, “不再”强调时间和动作不再持续,常与状态动词和延续性动词连用,如wait, stay, be等。 但no longer与no more 一样通常放在“三类词(情态动词、 助动词、连系动词)”之后。行为动词之前。而not … any longer 与not … any more 一样,其中的not与谓语动词构成否定式,常放在“三类词”之后。any longer,与any more 放在句末。如:
③ he’s no longer living in this city. 他不住在这个城市了。
④ you are not a child any longer. 你已不再是个孩子了。
ⅱ. no more = not … any more “不再”强调数量、次数上不再增加和强调动作终止的结果,因此,常与名词、瞬间动词连用,如hear, see, leave等。如:
① there’s no more bread. 不再有面包了。
② he didn’t go there any more. 他再没去过那儿。

§277  no matter what/ whatever/ what ever
ⅰ.no matter what“不管什么,无论什么”用来引导让步状语从句。类似的词组还有:no matter where “不论哪里”, no matter which “不论哪一个”,no matter how“不论怎样”如:
① they are going to win the football match, no matter how bad the weather is.  不管天气多么糟糕,他们会赢得这场足球比赛。
② no matter who knocks, don’t open the door. 不管谁敲门,都不要开门。
③ give me a call first no matter when you come. 不管什么时候来,都请你先给我打个电话。
ⅱ.whatever 是连接代词,可以作“无论什么”解,引导让步状语从句,可以这样用的连接代词或连接副词有whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however等。如:
① whatever you do, do your best. =no matter what you do, do your best. 无论你干什么,都要尽最大努力去干。
② whoever telephones, tell him i am out. = no matter who telephones, tell him i am out.  无论谁给我打电话,就说我出去了。
③ wherever he may be, he will be happy. = no matter where he may be, he will be happy. 无论在什么地方,他都是乐呵呵的。
ⅲ.whatever 还可以解作 “凡是……的;所……的东西”(anything that),用来引导一个名词性从句,这时不能用no matter what 替换。如:
① take whatever you want. 你要什么就拿什么吧。
② whatever i have is yours. 我所有的东西全都是你的。
ⅳ. what ever 中的ever意为“究竟;到底”,用在疑问词what后面,以加强语气,着重表示说话者的情绪,如惊讶、愤怒、兴奋等,what ever 在意义上等于what on earth 或what in the world, 其他疑问词也可以这样用。如:
① what ever do you think you’re doing?你想想,你到底在干什么?
② who ever left the door open?究竟是谁把门敞着不关?
③ where ever did you pick up the pen? 你到底在哪儿捡到的这支钢笔?

§278  not at all/ not … at all
ⅰ. not at all 是客套话,意为“别客气”相当于 that’s all right; you are welcome. 如:
①--thank you very much.  –not at all.
ⅱ. not…at all “根本不”;“一点也不”。at all 用以加强语气。如:
① she doesn’t like it at all. 她根本不喜欢它。
② he didn’t come at all. 他根本没来。

§279  officer/ official
ⅰ. officer “官员”常指武官,有时也指文官。如:
① the officer put down his arms and jumped into the pond for the fish. 那军官放下武器,跳到池塘里捉鱼去了。
② his father is a police officer. 他父亲是警官。
③ he is an administrative officer.他是行政官。
ⅱ. official “官员”通常指政府的文职官员。如:
① an official is suspended from office. 有一位官员被停职。
② they are government officials. 他们是政府官员。

§280  on time/ in time
ⅰ.in time “及时”,指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短语。
ⅱ.on time“准时”,指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如:
① joe was just in time for the bus. joe正好赶上那班汽车。
② they got there on time to see the exhibition.  他们准时到那儿,去看了那个展览。
§281  one/ it
ⅰ. it 所指代的,与前面的名词是同一事物;它常替代限定词the, this, that 所修饰的单数名词,此外还可用来表示称赞或责备某人做了某事。如:
① whose is the pen? oh it’s mine. 这支笔是谁的?哦,是我的。
② it’s very kind of you to invite me to the party. 承蒙邀请,不胜感激。(代to invite…)
ⅱ. one 所指代的是前面名词提到的同类事物,但不是同一件,它具有泛指的性质;它只能代替可数名词,复数形式是ones 如:
① have you got a pen?  no, i haven’t. please ask tom, i think he has got one. 你有钢笔吗?不,我没有。你去找一下汤姆吧,我想他有一只。

§282  pardon/ sorry/ excuse/
ⅰ.pardon主要用于没有听清别人的说的话,请别人重复。或宽恕严重的过失或冒犯。可作名词和动词。
   sorry 用于因做错了事或伤害了他人而向某人道歉。是形容词
   excuse则用于打扰别人或防碍别人的场合。
① please pardon me for not arriving sooner.  请原谅我没有及时赶到。
②  i did wrong and i’m going to beg their pardon.  我做错了,我打算去请求他们原谅我。
③ i’m sorry to hear that your mother is ill. 听说你的母亲病了,我很难过。
④ you’ll be sorry about that. 你会为此事后悔的。
⑤ excuse me, may use your pen?

§283  past/ passed/ pass/ passor
ⅰ. past 是动词pass的过去时和过去分词。在句中作谓语。意为“通过、传递”,时间的“消逝”等。如:
① he passed (by) the bank. 他路经银行。
② she passed him the cake. 她把蛋糕递给他。
③ two months passed before we had any news of them.  两个月过去了,我们才得到一点他们的消息。
ⅱ. passer “过路人”;“过客”。
ⅲ. past 不是动词形式,它除作为pass的过去分词形容词,作表语与定语外,还可作介词、副词及名词。如:
① he has been working hard in the past few weeks. 他在过去的几周里工作得很努力。(形)
② the past is past. 过去的事就让它过去了。(形,名)
③ she walked pasti him hurriedly. 她从他身边匆匆而过。(介
④ the years went past without notice. 岁月不觉流逝。(副词)

§284  path/ road/ way
ⅰ. path “道路”侧重于指“小道;小径”通常指走出来的路或指人行道等。如:
a) there is a path to the top of the hill. 有一条小路通向山顶。
b) keep to the pathor you maybe lose your way. 沿着这条路走,否则你可能会迷路。
ⅱ. road 通常人和交通工具通行的一条条的路,它可以用作借喻,表示导致……途径。如:
① where does this road lead to?这条路通什么地方?
② it was very hot day, and the road was terrible dusty. 那是非常炎热的一天,路上的尘土多得惊人。
③ it is the road to success. 这是成功之路。
ⅲ. way  不是指人和交通工具通行的一条条的路,而是指要达到特定的地点必须通过的地方。如:
① it is a long way from here to the station. 从这儿到车站有一大段路。
② which is the shortest way there? 到那儿去哪条路最近?
③ they are still on the way. 他们还在路上。

§285  personal/ personnel
ⅰ. personal [ pә:sәnl]与 personnel[ֽpә:sә nel]两个词音形相近,但词性和词义不同。如:
personal 是形容词,“个人的;私人的;亲身的”。
① that is my personal opinion. 那是我个人的意见。
② she made a personal appearance. 她亲自到场。
ⅱ. personnel 是个集体名词,没有复数形式。“全体人员;工作人员”如:
① our personnel are very highly trained.  我们的工作人员训练有素。
② the personnel are unhappy about these changes.  全体工作人员都不满意这些变动。

§286  point / score
ⅰ. point 指在考试、比赛中的“分”。如:
① 90 points . 90 分
② we won / lost the game by 3 points. 我们以三分之差得胜/ 失败。
ⅱ. score 指“成绩”。如:
① a score of 90 points . 90分的成绩。
② she scored 20points in the competition. = her score of the competition is 20. 她在竞赛中得了20分。

§287  point to/ point at
point to 与point at 都有用手指着某人或某物的意思。但后者还可表“对准;瞄准”之意。如:
① she pointed to a boy and said that he was her brother.
② he pointed his gun at the enemy and shouted “hands up”他把口对准敌人,大声喊:“举起手来”。
§288  police/ policeman
ⅰ. police 常用作复数,其后不加-s. 如:
① the police are on duty. 那些警察在值班。
ⅱ. policeman “警察”与police 同意。其复数形式为policemen. (policewoman policewomen) .但表一个警察时,应说:one / a policeman. 而不说:one / a police.
§289  problem/ question
ⅰ. problem 通常指须急于解决或决定的重大问题或难题。如
① this is a difficult social problem to solve. 这是很难解决的社会问题。
② he is clever enough to work out the maths problem.
ⅱ. question 着重指由于对某事感到疑惑不解或不能断定而提出,并等待解答的问题。一般是不难的,在较短时间内能解决的问题。因此,我们可说:answer the question. 如:
① please answer the question.

§290  propose/ suggest
ⅰ. propose “建议、提议”,是书面语,带有正式和庄严的色彩。如:
① i propose an early start. 我建议及早开始(或动身)。
② we propose that the house (should) be repaired. 我们建议对房屋进行修理。
ⅱ. suggest “建议、提议”,但没有propose正式。如:
① i suggest a visit to the theatre. 我建议去看戏。
② i suggest that we (should) begin at once.  我建议我们立即开始。
③ he suggest going to the summer palace. 他建议去颐和园。
§291 pupil/student
ⅰ.pupil 特指“小学生;初等学校的学生”。也可指在教师指导下从事研究的“学生;门徒”如:
the peanist often gives pisno lessons to her pupils. 这位钢琴家经常给她的学生上钢琴课。
ⅱ.student 指“大专院校的学生;中学生”。 有时,也可指研究或攻读某一学科的人。如:— a college student. a middle school student.
he is a student of science. 他是一个理科学生。
§292  quick/ fast / rapid /soon
ⅰ. quick “快”一般指动作敏捷迅速,毫不延迟,在较短的时间内发生或完成某项动作。如:
① she ran with quick steps to the house. 她快步跑进屋子。
ⅱ. fast“快”主要用作副词。指运动着的人或物体速度快。
① the watch is only two minutes fast. 这只表只快两分钟。
ⅲ. rapid 指一个或一连串的动作迅速、敏捷,着重指运动本身,有时也指激流。如:
① the diligent boy makes rapid progress in his studies. 这个勤奋的男孩儿学业进步迅速。
② their country house stands by a rapid steam. 他们的农舍在急流的溪边。
ⅳ. soon 着重指时间方面的快,可指现在或某个特定的时间的不久以后。如:
① he will come back very soon.他将很快就回来。

§293  quite / very/ too
ⅰ. quite 是程度副词,可修饰副词、形容词和动词。跟表程度的词连用时,有“相当”“非常”的意思;跟没有程度差别的词连用时,作“完全”讲。如:
① i feel quite well. 我觉得身体不很不错。
② i am quite tired. 我相当 累了。
③ we are not quite ready. 我们还没有完全准备好。
ⅱ. very 也是程度副词。“很;非常”可用来修饰形容词或副词。 如:
① this factory is very large.
② he runs very fast.
[注意]:very 不能直接修饰动词。如:
① i quite like her. = i like her very much
ⅲ. quite 与 very 有时可以通用。但在份量上very 比quite 重。试比较:
① his english is quite good.(= not bad)他的英语很不错。
② his english is very good. (= excellent)他的英语好极了。
ⅳ. quite & very 与不定冠词连用时位置不同。即依照:“a(n)+very+形容词+中心名词”和“quite + a(n) + 形容词 +中心词”的顺序排列。 如:
① jimes was quite a small baby. jimes是个小孩子。
② jimes was a very small baby. jimes 是个很小的孩子。
ⅴ. too “太、过分”含有超过容许的程度。带有否定的意味。
① it is too cold today. 今天太冷了。(含有不喜欢或不……)
② it was very cold yesterday. 昨天很冷。
[注意]:very 不能与too连用。不可以说:it’s very too cold.应将very 改为much或far.如:
① the cap is too big for me.

§294  quite/ rather/ very
都是程度副词,意为:“非常、相当、很”,无比较级和最高级。其区别在于:
ⅰ. quite 可直接修饰动词。如:
① some people don’t like the winter, but i quite like it.
ⅱ. rather 不可直接修饰动词。语气稍强。可与would 连用构成 would rather…than…这个平行连词结构。如:
① she is rather tall. 她相当高。
② iwould rather stay at home(than go for a walk) 我宁愿呆在家里。(也不愿到散步)
③ i would rather you stayed at home.
④ i would rather listen to music than to swimming. 我宁愿听音乐,也不愿去游泳。
ⅲ. very 也不能直接修饰动词。修饰形容词或副词时,语气最强。如:
① i like english very much = i quite like english.
② his english is very good. (程度强=excellent) his english is quite (rather) good. (程度轻 not bad)
[注]:quite (rather) 和very 与“不定冠词 形容词 名词”连用时位置不同。其排列顺序是:
“quite + a (an) +adj + noun” “a + quite (rather) +adj +noun” 如:
① this is quite an interesting film.
② it’s a quite (rather) fine day today. (只有名词前有形容词修饰时,冠词a / an 才可置前。
 “a + very + adj + noun” 如:
① i watched a very interesting tv play.

§295  real/ true
ⅰ.real 指客观上存在,并非想象和虚构的,它是与“无”相对而言的。如:
① this is a story of real life.  这是一个从真实生活中取材的故事。
② this is a real diamond.这是一颗真正的钻石。
ⅱ. true 指符合某一标准或实际情况的,强调真实性。如:
① true love should last for ever. 真爱永不渝。
② is it true that you’re going abroad for your holidays? 你要到国外去度假是真的吗?
[注]:come true “(梦想)实现”不用real.
      genuine [`dзenju:in]指没有掺假的,货真价实的,强调纯真度。如:
is the bracelet[ breislit] genuine gold? 这手镯是真金的吗?

§296  river/ stream/ brook
ⅰ. river 指流向湖、海等有一定航运能力的“江、河”。是通用词。常见于河流名称中。如:
① the changjiang river
ⅱ. stream “川、溪、小河”指比江、河小的溪、小河等。
ⅲ. broom “小溪、小河”指流量极小的stream.

§297  road/ street/ way
ⅰ. road 指人和交通工具通行的“路”,也借喻:“导致……的途径”如:
① where does the road lead to? 这条路通什么地方?
② it is the road to success. 这是成功之路。
ⅱ. street “街道”指由建筑物夹成的路。无road用法广泛。
① don’t play in the street.
ⅲ. way 不是指实实在在的路,而是指达到特定的地点所须经过的地方。与方向有关。如:
① it is a long way from here to the station. 从这儿到车站有一大段路程。
② which is the shortest way there?到那儿去哪条路最近?

§298  say/ speak/ talk/ tell
ⅰ. say “说、讲”普通用语,指用言语表达思想,强调所说的内容。如:
① what did he say? 他说了些什么?
② he said that it was true. 他说那是真实的。
ⅱ. speak “说、讲”可表示以任何一种方式说话。它着重于说话这一动作本身。而不强调所说的内容。为不及物动词。作及物动词时与表语言的词连用。如:
① please speak more slowly. 请说得慢一些。
② the baby is learning to speak. 这小孩在学说话。
③ she can speak english fluently. 她英语说得很流利。
ⅲ. talk “谈话、讲话”,通常表连贯地与别人谈话。强调谈话这一动作,而不是内容。如:
① he was talking to a friend. 他在和一个朋友谈话。
② he went on talking for a long time, but he spoke so fast that few of us could catch what he said.       他滔滔不绝地讲了半天,但是他说得太快,我们几乎没有什么人能听懂他说的些什么。
③ she is always talking nonsense. 她总爱讲废话。
ⅳ. tell “告诉、讲述”指将某事讲给别人听。它有时还有“吩咐、命令”等含义。如:
① he told the news to everybody in the village. 他把这消息告诉了村子里的每个人。
② she told me not to write the letter. 她叫我不要写信了。

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